Mortgage Fraud in the UK Free Essay Example, 5000 words

Other factors include mortgage fraud such as inflating property values carried out by corrupt surveyors (Mae 2007). In the United Kingdom, mortgage fraud is a growing problem in the sense that citizens want equity in their homes exceeding the loan on their assets. This is so because there is a lot of material misrepresentation of information regarding the mortgage loan when an applicant applies for the mortgage loan. The housing market in the United Kingdom is experiencing a boom and fraudsters in the mortgage market take this situation as an advantage with the aim of profit maximisation since they get higher loan than they would if the lender had all the information regarding mortgage loan application at hand. This paper sets out to review the types of mortgage fraud and evaluate whether mortgage fraud in the UK is a growing problem. Fraud is the deliberate dishonesty committed for unlawful or unjust gain (Financial Crimes Enforcement Network (FinCEN 2006). Fraud in relation to mortgages can be defined as fraud for property generally involving material misrepresentation or omission of informatio n with the intent to deceive or mislead a lender into extending credit that would likely not be offered if the true facts were known† (Mae 2007). We will write a custom essay sample on Mortgage Fraud in the UK or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now According to Adrianne (2008) mortgage fraud is a criminal action with the intention of obtaining a loan or a larger one by failing to provide the lender with enough truth regarding the mortgage loan application through inadequate information or material misrepresentation. The citizens of United Kingdom need to understand schemes used by mortgage fraudsters so as to minimize the increasing cases of the criminal actions. Citizens need to understand property flipping as a scheme used by mortgage fraudsters (Adrianne 2008). It is not necessarily that property flipping is an illegal action but the manner in which the information is appraised makes property flipping an illegal action. In this case property appraisals are fraudulent done, for instance if land is bought and soled fast after being appraised for a higher dollar value then this is mortgage fraud. Also documents of loan involving the transaction are doctored; the income of the buyer is inflated. Further important definitions include; Mortgage lender: A mortgage lender is an investor that lends money secured by a mortgage on real estate (FinCEN 2006). Mortgagor: The person who mortgages the asset such as the borrower (FinCEN 2006). Mortgagee: The person to whom an asset is mortgaged i. e.

The Reagan Tax Cuts and Foreign Policy - 1442 Words

The Reagan Tax Cuts and Foreign Policy During the 1980s President Ronald Reagans (our 40th president from 1981 to 1989) domestic policy of a substantial tax cut led to greatly increased economic prosperity for our country. During Reagans administration marked changes were made to the tax code and economic statistics showed a major change for the better. However, at the same time, the Democrats controlled the Congress and continued increased spending against Reagans wishes. The Joint Economic Committee stated that an across-the-board tax cut was not new. In the 20s the Mellon tax cuts were implemented by Secretary of Treasury Andrew Mellon during the Administrations of Hoover, Harding, and Coolidge. In the 60s Kennedy introduced†¦show more content†¦In November of 1986 President Reagan confirmed reports that the United States had secretly sold arms to Iran. He stated that the goal was to improve relations with Iran, not to obtain release of U.S. hostages held in the Middle East by terrorists. Later in November, Attorney General Edwin Meese discovered that some of the arms profits had been diverted to aid the Nicaraguan contra rebels--at a time when Congress had prohibited such aid. An independent special prosecutor, former federal judge Lawrence E. Walsh, was appointed to investigate the activities of persons involved in the arms sale or contra aid or both, including marine Lt. Col. Oliver North of the National Security Council (NSC) staff. In May 1989 North was tried and convicted of obstructing Congress and unlawfully destroying government documents, but his conviction was subsequently overturned. Reagan ordered the bombing of military targets in Libya in 1986 in retaliation for its role in international terrorism. His policy of reflagging (flying the U.S. flag on) Kuwaiti oil tankers and providing them with a U.S. naval escort in the Persian Gulf led to clashes with Iran in 1987. President Reagan during his administration sought to improve relation with the Former Soviet Union, and foreign relations did improve greatly. Reagan and Gorbachev paved the way to the end of the cold war. They accomplished this by means of Summit Conferences. Several of these conferences were held from 1985 to 1987.Show MoreRelatedEssay about The Reagan Tax Cuts And Foreign Policy1376 Words   |  6 Pages The Reagan Tax Cuts and Foreign Policy nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;During the 1980s President Ronald Reagans (our 40th president from 1981 to 1989) domestic policy of a substantial tax cut led to greatly increased economic prosperity for our country. During Reagans administration marked changes were made to the tax code and economic statistics showed a major change for the better. However, at the same time, the Democrats controlled the Congress and continued increased spending against ReagansRead MoreWhat Was The Reagan Revolution?1337 Words   |  6 PagesStudent number: 1530575 PP1070: Introduction to American Politics What was the ‘Reagan Revolution’ and in what ways did it â€Å"change the course which American politics had followed since the 1930s†? Presidents of the United States are expected to lead the country and find solutions to its problems, but the chances of being allowed to do marginal political steps are negligible and success is rarely accomplished. Ronald Reagan was the president successful in bringing fundamental change in American politicsRead MoreThe Heart Of Reagan s Foreign Policy867 Words   |  4 PagesWhen Ronald Reagan to the oath of office on January 20, 1981, he called upon Americans to â€Å"begin an era of national renewal.† In response to the serious problems facing the country, both foreign and domestic, he asserted his familiar campaign phrase: Government is not the solution to our problem, government is the problem. His dream was to make America the beacon of hope and freedom for those who do not have freedom. Reagan advanced domestic policies that featured a lessening of federal governmentRead MoreEssay on Ronald Reagans Courage 731 Words   |  3 Pagesstand up against politicians? To f ight for what you believe in and what you think would benefit the United States of America? It takes courage. Ronald Reagan has that courage, not only did he stay true to his beliefs and ideas, he accomplished them within his presidency. He believed people should be less dependent on their government. Reagan asked citizens to Begin an era of national renewal during his inaugural address. He also declared, Government is not the solution to our problem, governmentRead MoreRonald Wilson Reagan Took Office On January 20Th, 1981.1667 Words   |  7 PagesRonald Wilson Reagan took office on January 20th, 1981. Reagan served from 1981 to 1989. He served two terms and was president from 1981- 1989. President Reagan defeated Jimmy Carter in the 1980 election and Walter Mondale in the 1984 election. He ran his first campaign mostly on President Carter s shortcomings and failures. His campaign slogan was, Are you better off than you were four years ago? His other slogan was, Lets make Am erica great again. This clearly shows that his campaign strategyRead MoreThe Anti Epidemic Of Hiv / Aids909 Words   |  4 PagesMany Americans embraced a new conservatism in social, economic and political life during the 1980s, characterized by the policies of President Ronald Reagan who took office in 1981. Often remembered for its materialism and consumerism, the decade also saw the rise of the â€Å"yuppie,† an explosion of blockbuster movies and the emergence of cable networks like MTV, which introduced the music video and launched the careers of many iconic artists, this lead to a rise in drug abuse, crime aggravated by illegalRead MoreRonald Reagans Domestic and Foreign Affairs Essay1728 Words   |  7 Pages I have decided to write my research paper on the topic of Ronald Reagans Domestic and Foreign Affairs. The reason that I choose this topic was because I have always been personally interested in Ronald Reagans time in office and the national crisis he had to de al with. Reagan was awesome when it came to foreign policy because he knew how to negotiate with foreign leaders and their countries to get what he wanted. There were several instances during his time in office that he had the chanceRead MorePresident Reagan Essay797 Words   |  4 PagesChloe Carr Professor Blodgett History 271 May 14 2013 Social Darwinism Shaping Reaganomics Ronald Reagan made many economic decisions that supported his beliefs in Social Darwinism throughout his presidency. Social Darwinism is considered to be the ideas of struggle for existence and  Ã¢â‚¬Å"survival of the fittest,† a term coined by Herbert Spencer in order  to justify social policies. Over time the individuals with superior biological characteristics will dominate populations that this superRead MoreTax and Reagan1575 Words   |  7 Pagesdown by inflation, foreign policy turmoil and rising crime rate, the nation was troubled by the late 70’s. Due to this many Americans were ready to embrace a new conservatism in social, economic and political life in the 80’s. In the 1980 bid for President, Reagan won the Republican nomination after two failed attempts in 1968 and 1976. Although Ronald Reagan once held Democratic views, he grew more conservative and he official took the side of the Republicans in the 1960’s. Reagans domestic viewsRead MoreEssay Ronald Reagan1177 Words   |  5 PagesRonald Reagan had a very successful life. He was the 40th president of the United States (1981-1989). He was an actor for 30 years before he became involved with politics and starred in more than 50 movies. Reagan was born on February 6, 1911 in Tampico, Illinois. Reagan was raised by his traveling shoe salesman father John Reagan, and his mother Nelle. John was an alcoholic and was saved from the Great Depression by the Works Progress Administration. Reagan was strongly influenced by his mother

Evolutions vs Creationism Free Essays

Creationism Vs Evolution Attention-getting opener: Tonight I am going to talk about Creationism Vs Evolution. Do you know that 800 million people have died in religion’s wars?. * Introduction 1. We will write a custom essay sample on Evolutions vs Creationism or any similar topic only for you Order Now The  creation–evolution controversy  is a recurring dispute about the origins of the Earth, humanity, life, and the universe. 2. The creation-evolution controversy began in Europe and North America in the late 18th century when new interpretations of geology were demonstrated in the  fossil  geological sequence  prompted  early ideas of evolution. * Preview In this speech I’m going to talk to you about 3 important topics. 1. The Creation by the hand of God. 2. The origin of species and natural selection by Darwin. 3. A combined view of the creationism and evolution. * Transition 1 In the first place, let’s talk about the creation by the hand of God. The Creationism  is the  religious belief  that  life, the  Earth, and the  universe  are the  creation  of a  supernatural  being. All made in the image and likeness of God and explains the facts based on the assumption of a supernatural, completed process. Transition 2 Also, I’ll speak of Darwin’s theory. The evolution by natural selection, it’s when more offspring are produced than can possibly survive. When members of a population die they are replaced by the progeny of parents that were better adapted to survive and reproduce in the environment in which natural selection took place. In other words, only the strongest will survive. * Transition 3 Lastly, I show you a combination between Creationism and Evolution. This is a theory that not too many people believe in it, because those who believe in the creationism, not believe in the evolution and vice versa. * Conclusion Given these facts, everyone is free to choose which theory is better for himself. Once the person has established his beliefs, should be respected and he should respect the others beliefs to avoid as many fights and wars as possible and live in a better place. * Memorable closing remarks If you wish to believe in creation or evolution, that is fine, but please don’t judge other people just because they have a different belief than ours. How to cite Evolutions vs Creationism, Papers

Jim Morrison and Susan Sontag Essay Example For Students

Jim Morrison and Susan Sontag Essay Jim Morrison is the lead singer of the classic rock and roll band The Doors. JimMorrison not only was the lead vocalist in the famous sixties band, he was also the writer of mostbut not all of The Doors songs and the author of many poems. Susan Sontag is anaccomplished author. Some of Susan Sontags works include essays, reviews, editing, novelsand short stories. Although at first Jim Morrison and Susan Sontag appear to have nothing orvery little in common, both because of Jim Morrisons main influence coming from authorFriedrich Nietzsche, who believed in existentialism (a body of ethical thought centering about theuniqueness and isolation of individual experiences in a universe indifferent or even hostile toman, regarding human existence as unexplainable, and emphasizing mans freedom of choiceand responsibility for the consequences of his acts), and Susan Sontags writings following astyle of existentialism, both Jim Morrison and Susan Sontags works focus constantly on relatingthe mes sage of placing blame on oneself in order to obtain a more perfect soul. Born James Douglas Morrison on December 8 1843 in Melbourne Florida to parentsSteve and Clara Morrison(Hopkins, Sugerman 5). A few months after the birth of Jim Morrison,Jims father Steve and his mine layer were sent off to fight in World War Two. For the next threeyears Jims mother Clara, was forced to raise Jim with only the help of sympathizing relativeswho believed in ideas such as Children should be seen and not heard Ignore somethingunpleasant and it will go away (Hopkins, Sugerman 5). This constant barrage of negativitymay have been one of the first factors leading to Jims beliefs in existentialism. The way inwhich the negativity lead to Jims belief is that through the constant attack, Jim began to feel asif he were responsible for all of the mishaps occurring in the family. This feelings that Jim had,showed his first signs of becoming an existentialist, because feelings of responsibility are one ofthe common characteristics of many existentialist authors, musicians and artis ts. A second event in Jim Morrisons life, that may have been a reason for Jim becoming aexistentialist occurred while Steve Morrison, Jims father, was driving through New Mexico whenThey The Morrison Family came upon an overturned truck, and saw injured and dying PuebloIndians lying where they had been thrown on the asphalt (Hopkins, Sugerman 6). After seeingthe Indians, Jim felt an urge to have Steve Morrison pull over and attempt to help the dyingIndians but, Steve did not share the same feelings with Jim and continued to drive by saying Itwas a dream Jimmy, it didnt really happen, it was a dream(Hopkins, Sugerman 6). This scenewas considered to be one of the most influential in Jim Morrisons life as the story of the PuebloIndians is constantly referred to in many of the songs written by Jim. One of the songs, whereJim uses the Indian reference, is Dawns Highway where Jim says Indians scattered on dawnshighway bleeding / Ghosts crowd the young childs fragile eggshell mind./ Indian, Ind ian what didyou die for?/ Indian says, nothing at all. (Morrison 4). The dying Pueblo Indians helped tocreate the existential side of Jim Morrison because in his mind he felt as if he were responsiblefor the deaths of the Indians, once again placing blame on himself, a key role in existentialism. Although events played a large role in Jims journey towards existentialism, authorFriedrich Nietzsche who is often considered to be one of the few forefathers of existentialismplayed an equally if not more important role in the journey. Nietzsche played a large role in Jimbecoming an existentialist because Dennis and Jim would sit discussing Nietzsche for hours,arguing occasionally but generally agreeing ardently, reading long passages from thephilosophers works aloud to each other (Hopkins, Sugerman 45). Through these readings Jimlearned about Nietzsche philosophies including the ideal of The Superman and how to becomean existentialist. .ub483d030d66ca5b6f5e5a3688ea0cf93 , .ub483d030d66ca5b6f5e5a3688ea0cf93 .postImageUrl , .ub483d030d66ca5b6f5e5a3688ea0cf93 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ub483d030d66ca5b6f5e5a3688ea0cf93 , .ub483d030d66ca5b6f5e5a3688ea0cf93:hover , .ub483d030d66ca5b6f5e5a3688ea0cf93:visited , .ub483d030d66ca5b6f5e5a3688ea0cf93:active { border:0!important; } .ub483d030d66ca5b6f5e5a3688ea0cf93 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ub483d030d66ca5b6f5e5a3688ea0cf93 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ub483d030d66ca5b6f5e5a3688ea0cf93:active , .ub483d030d66ca5b6f5e5a3688ea0cf93:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ub483d030d66ca5b6f5e5a3688ea0cf93 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ub483d030d66ca5b6f5e5a3688ea0cf93 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ub483d030d66ca5b6f5e5a3688ea0cf93 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ub483d030d66ca5b6f5e5a3688ea0cf93 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ub483d030d66ca5b6f5e5a3688ea0cf93:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ub483d030d66ca5b6f5e5a3688ea0cf93 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ub483d030d66ca5b6f5e5a3688ea0cf93 .ub483d030d66ca5b6f5e5a3688ea0cf93-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ub483d030d66ca5b6f5e5a3688ea0cf93:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Thanksgiving EssayBy the time Jim Morrison turned 23 he had become an existentialist and it was becauseof his psychological views of the world that inspired Jims lyrics in his poems and music. Thefirst of example of Jim involving existentialism in his lyrics comes from the song An AmericanPrayer where Jim says Grant us one more hour to/ perform our art/ and perfect our lives. When Jim mentions the previous lines, he is making a reference to asking God for one morehour and in this hour Jim plans to perfect our lives, in these lines it can be assumed that Jimhas realized he is not flawless, which is admitting guilt, and that the only way to perfect his soulis by admitting his sins, or placing blame on himself. Another song where existentialism shinesin Jims works is in the poem Dawns Highway. In Dawns Highway Jim rants Indian, Indianwhat did you die for?/ Indian says, nothing at all. These lyrics refer back to one of JimMorrisons earlier life experienced where Jim sees the overturned truck of Pueblo Indians. Asstated earlier it was known that Jim felt as if it was his fault for the death of the Indians becausehis father refused to pull over and let Jim out in order to help the Indians. The thoughts that Jimexperienced as a result of the accidents are a good representation of existentialism becauseonce again Jim is placing guilt on himself. Jims existential words are shown once again in the song The Hitchhiker. The songThe Hitchhiker is a song about a man, assumed to be Jim, who has just killed a man and istelling his story to a stranger Hey, listen, man, I really got a problem/ I dont know how to tellyou,/ but, ah, I killed somebody. Jim later goes on to say how he is not fearful of being caughtIts no big deal, ya know,/ I dont think anybody will find out about it.. Although Jim seams to beconfident about getting away with his crime, he still feels a need to blame himself. As a result ofthis confession Jim has expressed his existential side because of his realization of guilt and hisneed for blaming himself so he can achieve a more perfect soul. Just as Jim Morrison was an existentialist writer, so was Susan Sontag. Susan Sontagwas born on January 16 1933 in New York City, Susan Sontag was the oldest daughter in herPolish Jewish family. Susan Sontag was an author of many novels, short-stories and screenplays(American Writers 451). Susan was, like Jim Morrison, raised by his aunts, uncles andother relatives. The reason for why Susan was raised by her relatives is because when she wasyoung her father was on constant trips to the orient and her mother would go along with herfather on the trips. When Susan was only six years old, her father died on one of his fur tradingtrips in the China. As a result of the death of her father and the absence of her mother Susanwas often considered to be a psychologically abandoned child (Sontag). As Susan Sontags lifecontinued she became more isolated than when she was a kid and often found her only escapefrom society in books. As a result of her isolation and absence of parents Susan started herjourney towards becoming an existentialist style author. Sontags existential style is often present in much of her work, one such example comefrom an essay she wrote in 1966 The white race is the cancer of human history; it is the whiterace and it alone its ideologies and inventions which eradicates autonomous civilizationswherever it spreads, which has upset the ecological balance of the planet, which now threatensthe very existence of life itself (Whats Happening In America, Sontag). The quote from WhatsHappening In America shows how Susan is taking the view of existentialism to an extreme bynot only blaming herself, but by blaming her entire race for the threaten of life. .u6c3d78d72e0426611b8eb568f88959f7 , .u6c3d78d72e0426611b8eb568f88959f7 .postImageUrl , .u6c3d78d72e0426611b8eb568f88959f7 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u6c3d78d72e0426611b8eb568f88959f7 , .u6c3d78d72e0426611b8eb568f88959f7:hover , .u6c3d78d72e0426611b8eb568f88959f7:visited , .u6c3d78d72e0426611b8eb568f88959f7:active { border:0!important; } .u6c3d78d72e0426611b8eb568f88959f7 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u6c3d78d72e0426611b8eb568f88959f7 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u6c3d78d72e0426611b8eb568f88959f7:active , .u6c3d78d72e0426611b8eb568f88959f7:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u6c3d78d72e0426611b8eb568f88959f7 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u6c3d78d72e0426611b8eb568f88959f7 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u6c3d78d72e0426611b8eb568f88959f7 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u6c3d78d72e0426611b8eb568f88959f7 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u6c3d78d72e0426611b8eb568f88959f7:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u6c3d78d72e0426611b8eb568f88959f7 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u6c3d78d72e0426611b8eb568f88959f7 .u6c3d78d72e0426611b8eb568f88959f7-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u6c3d78d72e0426611b8eb568f88959f7:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Italian - gothic conventions EssaySontag once again displays her existential style when she writes The human mindpossesses now, almost a second nature, a perspective on its own achievements that fatallyundermines their value and their claim to truth (Thinking Against Oneself: Reflections onCioran, Sontag). In this second quote Sontag displays her feelings about the need for placingblame on yourself in order to improve on your soul. The title of the work Thinking AgainstOneself: Reflections on Cioran also reflects her views by stating the need to place blame ononeself. Susan Sontag and Jim Morrison both show a similar pattern in there writing, both of theauthors constantly write about the need for self blame in order to ascertain a better soul. Although both Sontag and Morrison tell the same idea there ways of presenting the ideas aredifferent. Jim Morrison would often blame just himself and then make an attempt to resolve hismistakes, while Susan Sontag would blame entire groups which she was involved in such as thewhite race but, she unlike Jim often did not write about her ways to resolve the issues. Susanand Jim share one other similarity, both were raised by relatives and not by there parents. As aresult of the self reliance both learned to believe that they were responsible for most eventsaround them. Therefor because of the similar lifestyles and raising Jim Morrison and SusanSontag can both be considered alike through existentialism.

Role of Youth free essay sample

This essay has secured first position in SME Intellectual writing contest 2010 Junior Category. The destiny of a nation is vested with the youngsters. These are the people if guided correctly; they can modify the course of the world. They have the might of extensive thinking, hard struggle, innovation and advancement. The youth are ready to adapt changes because they are young they are in search of truth, they are open to different ideas contrary to the people who are mature and old. Allama Iqbal realized the strength of youth in these wordings: I have love for those youngsters who pull down the stars. Today Pakistan is facing many challenges from within and beyond. Terrorism, drone attacks, pitiful law and order situation, bad economic conditions, education dilemma, corruption, energy crisis and so many others. There are many factors behind these problems, but one of the most important and vital is the foreign influence that is weakening Pakistan. We will write a custom essay sample on Role of Youth or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Pakistan is not completely independent yet.The policies both political and economic are framed partially or completely by the involvement of big players. Their involvement is not confined to that extent but even more, they are spreading defeatist ideas using different tools. Youth are the actual target, they are made confused and thus they start imitating the society of foreign nations. Iqbal in his metaphoric tone exclaimed: â€Å"The falcon that imitates the ways of its prey becomes the prey of its own prey. † The youth generally do not view them fit to combat with national problems.They have no intellect of state matters; they are used and manipulated by different groups. This is because for the youth it is portrayed that they should focus only on education and produce good results, the youth have shown commitment to this idea and they have delivered, but the fact is that their talent is not properly utilized, channelized and appreciated, that is why foreign companies tap this resource and in this way the talent is exploited abroad. On the other way the small segment of talented youth prefer to stay here but still they are not that much fruitful because they generally are not utilized and directed.At this instant Pakistan’s situation is pitiful, the homeland needs the youth but not that idle, self oriented and unconcerned in their national issues. Working honestly in the job or doing well in individual capacity will not bring any real positivity in our affairs. Pakistan needs the youth to expand their domain by doing following: * Think versatile and intense on national problems. * Change the defeatist mentality (For example we cannot survive without IMF loans) * Try to develop understanding of political affairs and economic matters. Recognize the foreign players in the local affairs. * Search to find the peaceful techniques of liberation from neocolonialism. * Open themselves for discussions and exchange ideas. * Invent those thoughts through which our nation can revive in every aspect of life. No doubt the youth of Pakistan is dedicated, enthusiastic with their country but emotions are not enough they need a direction to create a positive Pakistan, youth can attain this direction through constant thinking, discussions, innovations and reasoning.For the real destiny of Pakistan and to bring positive approach, the youth must learn the neglected lessons of truth, justice, bravery and Islamic governance: Learn again the lessons of truth, of justice and of bravery. And you shall be used to lead the world. ~ Allama Mohammad IqbalAllama Iqbal realized the strength of youth in these wordings: I have love for those youngsters who pull down the stars. â€Å"Keep the Qur’an as a mirror before you. You have completely changed, run away from yourself. Fix a balance for your deeds, Stir a commotion which your forbears stirred in the past.    ~ Allama Mohammad IqbalThe Youth of Pakistan are also known as the â€Å"Nation Builders† and we can play a significant role in the development of the country not only economically but also by morally and practically. We have to clear the differences and objections of people and make our efforts to grow Pakistan and fulfill the basic needs of the people which are below the poverty line. We are always aware of the fact that Pakistan is in danger, it is basically strong in the field of weapons but between the people of Pakistan there is so much difference and contradictions that they don’t even try to unite as one.To be one and keep united the people, the people of Pakistan have to eradicate the internal disputes prevailing between them and they have to show maturity as well as a sense of national responsibility. We have to wake up from a deep sleep and invoke the spirit of our founder and bring back our country to its feet. Renowned Scholar, Dr. Tariq Rehman said t hat â€Å"Youth has a significant role in present dismal situation and we need to impart civic education to secure our better future. And also adding the comment of Shabana Fayyaz, lecturer of Quaid-e-Azam University said that â€Å"The best investment under current scenarios would be empowering the youth†. She added that â€Å"We are surrounded by multiple crises and we cannot meet these challenges without an active participation of the youth as a catalyst of change. We should not lose the right path by simply seeing what kind of absurdities and unfair means are already being followed over here, rather we should exemplify good patterns of behavior for the coming generations. We are Young Seagulls, trying to fly without feathers. Our precious gems and valuable assets, youth, in the shape of brilliant students, professionals and people in all walks of life are being discouraged, exploited and humiliated by the corrupt lobby. The problem of the emotional and impatient Pakistanis is diagnosed. The solution is in our hands. They need to change themselves and their attitude and approach must based on sensibility, responsibility, tolerance and patience. We will achieve a Positive and Green Pakistan. INSHAALLAH. A Thing Of Beauty the thing of beauty is joy forever Thing of beauty is joy forever this famous quote which is generally said about beauty, the beauty which imparts great pleasure and joy. It is far away from all wordy affairs. It is that beauty which gives immense happiness which crosses all the boundaries of world. Beauty is term which is generally associated with woman. It is a term which had wide implications. Beauty can be categorized as external and internal beauty. The external beauty is one which is associated with senses. It is the sensual beauty. Beautiful object after seeing appeals to our senses, and when that beauty touches our soul is internal beauty. It is that beauty which magnifies and glorifies our soul. It is in true sense the beauty of soul. Internal beauty is the power to reveal the hidden structure of the external world. As it is rightly said The greatest treasure are those seen individuals to the eye but found by the heart.This is true beauty. It is the beauty attached with almighty. No object in this world can be termed as beautiful unless it is felt internally. External beauty can impress us for a particular time period, but it is internal beaty which engulfs the soul and leaves an everlasting impression. It is that beauty which world remembers through years. It is past memories which are beautiful which recollects in tranquility. As the most beautiful things can be seen or even touched they can be felt by heart. External beauty is one which tends to decay with passage of time. It is mortal. As it is rightly said: beautiful woman is one whose heart is filled with virtue and love. It is internal beauty which is immortal. It does not fade with time, but reaches the height of zenith. But it is sad state of affair that people nowadays gives importance to external appearance. As first impression is the last, but they forget that beyond that last beauty exists the true beauty. Beauty is not in the face it is a light in the heart. People should

Russia’s Nuclear Weapons Policies, Arsenal and Problems Essays

Russia’s Nuclear Weapons Policies, Arsenal and Problems Essays Russia’s Nuclear Weapons Policies, Arsenal and Problems Essay Russia’s Nuclear Weapons Policies, Arsenal and Problems Essay Essay Topic: We Real Cool The end of the Cold War signaled conclusion of the nuclear rivalry between the then two superpowers, the United States of America and the Soviet Union. This was a propitious event for global security. Many predicted this to be the end of history. While there was relative peace for a decade or so, there has been unending debate over recession of the threat of nuclear war. While commonly the United States and the Western Allies have been regarded as more responsible possessors of nuclear weapons, unfolding of Russian nuclear doctrine and policy provides greater confidence in exercise of responsibility by Moscow. The collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the successor state the Russian Federation with little choice but to follow Soviet-era policy in relation to nuclear weapons, but thought was given to revising strategies to meet the new and emerging threats. Basically this meant pursuing deterrence strategy as a means of maintaining international order. This is important for both i nternal and external policy of the Russian Federation. Nuclear weapons give Russia the status it needs to be called a great power and for the Government of the day a sense of keeping a national security asset as an important goal post. A detailed analysis of Russian nuclear policy in the light of past experience, change of leadership in Russia post Cold War, current and possible future policy directions is thus essential.History of Nuclear Weapons PolicyAt the end of the Second World War, the US was the only nation in the world possessing nuclear weapons and they thought it could offset the superiority Soviet forces had in Europe. The US also thought the atomic bomb could be used as a political pressure point against Joseph Stalin to gain concessions in negotiations in the aftermath of the Second World War. But in August 1949 the Soviet Union detonated an atomic bomb, thus bringing to fore the philosophy of Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD). This was the main theory underlying the two superpowers quest to develop new nuclear weapons and delivery systems during the cold war. While the Soviet Union had the bomb it did not have the capability like the US to deliver these weapons to the chosen target. First aircraft and then intercontinental ballistic missiles became the chosen systems of delivery of nuclear weapons.Given the state of relations between the US and the USSR at the end of the war, it was natural that latter decided to develop nuclear weapons and delivery systems to match that of the US. Of course, the Soviets lagged behind in technology and therefore could never really catch up. But for them the employment of nuclear weapons was for deterrence purposes. And this meant keeping forces ready for massive retaliation, should the US or its allies launch a first strike on Soviet soil.Cold War DimensionsDuring the Cold War the main aim of possessing nuclear weapons was to deter a nuclear or massive conventional attack from the enemy from the other end of th e East-West divide. Throughout the Cold War, the main aim of the US was to contain the spread of communism. This was done at various levels military, political, economic and ideological. When Stalin died in 1953, there appeared to be a chance that a cooling down of tempers would take place, but tensions increased again when Nikita Krushchev was removed from power. Through the Cold War, the US assumed that it had nuclear superiority. But this failed to prevent the Soviet Union from indulging in nuclear brinkmanship during the Berlin crisis in 1961 and in Cuba in 1962.In 1962 when the Cuban Missile Crisis erupted, both the US and USSR came to realize for the first time what dangers pre-emption could lead to. The Soviet Union had installed medium-range nuclear missiles in Cuba, following which the US President John F. Kennedy imposed a naval blockade. After a period of tension, the Soviets backed down and removed the missiles. What this cold war experience brought home to both the supe rpowers was the risks involved in playing one-upmanship with nuclear weapons.The collapse of the USSR in 1991 ended the Cold War. This reduced tensions between the two superpowers. But both countries still had a large nuclear arsenal in their possession. Additionally, with the end of the Cold War, the US became more concerned with the development of nuclear weapons by nations other than the former Soviet Union.Post-Cold War SituationAs a result of the political and financial fall out of the collapse of the USSR, the armed forces and in particular the nuclear forces in the Russian Federation suffered greatly.   The armed forces were downsized three times their original size in the 1990s. So was Russia’s nuclear arsenal. This was because Moscow just did not have the resources to maintain a nuclear force of ten thousand warheads and about twenty thousand tactical nuclear weapons. There was another issue of concern; this was the risk of continuing to stockpiling nuclear artille ry projectiles which were likely to prove dangerous to maintain and prove to be hazardous to Russias own troops, if accidental detonations occurred.The phased reductions in the Soviet nuclear arsenal in the early 1990s also coincided with the withdrawal of nuclear weapons from the former Soviet Republics to the territory of the Russian Federation. This process was accelerated by the collapse of the Warsaw Pact in July 1991 and nuclear weapons from Central and Eastern Europe were moved to Russia.Changes in policies from Yeltsin to PutinThere is no doubt that despite the collapse of the USSR as a superpower, the Russian Federation still holds nuclear weapons in high esteem. In fact, nuclear weapons are still a major politico-psychological symbol of great power status for Russia. That is why it is often seen that Russian leaders repeatedly remind the international community, and in particular the US, that Russia is still a nuclear power. This gives both a feeling of Russia’s str ategic independence from the US and the domestic leadership is assured of a sense of importance in being able to have control over the nuclear button.The first post-1991 change in nuclear policy was introduced in the doctrine of 1993, which allowed the â€Å"first use† of nuclear weapons by Russia. Till then, official policy, allowed the use of nuclear weapons only in response to a nuclear attack.As a result of the post-collapse phase the Russian government adopted a series of measures in relation to nuclear weapons, including reductions in the size of strategic nuclear forces. But the basic premise that the sole purpose of possessing nuclear weapons was to deter a large-scale attack did not change. President Boris Yeltsin signed two major policy documents, one in 1997 and the second in 1998, both of which provided for drastic cuts in the nuclear arsenal. This aimed at getting rid of nuclear tipped missiles’ as their planned service life expired and modernization progr ams were curtailed to suit the reductions in the armed forces. But the theoretical debate within the Russian military, about the enlargement of NATO had consequences as it once again brought back to centre stage the role of nuclear weapons and created the ground for demonstrations of usage of nuclear weapons in a much broader range of threat scenarios.Two important documents provide analysts with the framework to understand the global implications of Russia’s nuclear weapons doctrine. The first one is the one titled, â€Å"Main Provisions of the Military Doctrine†, which Boris Yeltsin approved in November 1993. Then in 2000, Vladimir Putin approved another Military Doctrine.In the Yeltsin document the role of nuclear weapons was defined as â€Å"the removal of the danger of a nuclear war by means of deterring [other states] from unleashing an aggression against the Russian Federation and its allies† But keeping in mind the changes that had occurred in the post C old War war fighting scenarios, the doctrine, warned that even a limited war could become a global war. It also noted that even the limited use of nuclear weapons, say the use of tactical nuclear weapons, risked the outbreak of an all-out, nuclear war. The 1993 document did not spell out the right of â€Å"first use.† In fact there was no mention at all of the Cold War theory of ‘No-First-Use’ (Fedorov, 2002).The military doctrine of 2000 took the position that nuclear weapons were to be used for deterrence and not for aggression. The right to use nuclear weapons was reserved for retaliation against both conventional as well as nuclear aggression. Several things can be adduced from the 2000 document. (Fedorov, 2002). First, it has a clear geo-political message, implying a broader political role for Russia’s nuclear weapons. Second, Russia spelled out its willingness to use nuclear weapons first in response to a conventional attack.Additionally, like in the case of the US, Russia expressed a willingness to use nuclear weapons in response to the use of other Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD).   What the Putin document sought to really do was to broaden the conflict spectrum in which nuclear weapons could be used. Armed conflict, intra-state or inter-state; local or limited wars; regional conflicts; and global wars – all these are situations in which the use of nuclear weapons is envisaged.Nuclear weapons are associated with the last two postulates, but the threat of using them in the Russian context is also supposed to be prevalent to ensure that one type of war does not escalate to another. President Boris Yeltsin for example, explicitly referred to nuclear weapons during an Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) summit in late 1999, to suggest that external forces should not get involved in the second war in Chechnya.Current and Future ProspectsThe 2003 â€Å"White Paper† of the Russian Federation postulates two missions for nuclear weapons: deterrence of an attack against Russia and de-escalation of a conflict in case deterrence fails. In contrast to the earlier document, the new guidance elaborates on these missions in considerable detail. (Sokov, 2004)Given the experience of the Cold War, and post-1991 situation, the Russian Federation’s attitude towards the US, remains highly emotive. There are also complex interplays of geo-politics and domestic considerations, which govern Russian nuclear weapons policy in its relations with the US. The 2003 White Paper calls for a partnership with the US a â€Å"part of the solution† to the security problems afflicting the world. But at the same time it is argued that Russia (read its nuclear forces) are the only thing preventing the final destruction of international order as it currently stands. In fact the White Paper states that only the Russian armed forces can ensure global stability. (Sokov, 2004)What emerges from a study of the 2003 White Paper is that Russia wants to ensure that no force pressure and aggression is attempted against it or its allies. And, in case aggression of some sort does takes place, the new doctrine guarantees the defense of sovereignty, territorial integrity and other vital national interests of Russia. The 2003 White Paper gives an indication of how Russia will react to shifts in US nuclear weapons policy. It was projected by the White Paper that by 2007-2008, Russian Strategic Forces would consist of ten missile divisions. The 2003 document and subsequent remarks by Russian leaders provide an indication that Russia intends to keep its options open in preparing plans for the future of its nuclear triad.Another issue which will shape Russian nuclear policy in the years ahead is the ballistic missile shield planned by the United States in the close proximity of Russia in Czech Republic and other areas. The contours of this are not yet very clear, hence these cannot be c overed herein. However the debate has to be followed to enable understanding nuances of change that may ensue in Russian nuclear doctrine.ConclusionThe core of Russian nuclear weapons policy, i.e., nuclear deterrence, remains very much in place. It also determines the nature and state of Russia’s relations with the US, giving Moscow a measure of self-confidence. Nuclear weapons also remain underlying element of relations with China. Clearly, given past experience it is clear that Russia will determine the future shape of its nuclear policy depending on the developments that the US makes in developing more â€Å"usable† nuclear weapons. At the end of 2005, Russia still had around 7,200 active nuclear warheads and an estimated 8,800 inactive nuclear warheads. The state of the strategic forces that maintain these and are responsible for their delivery in case of a conflict is open to question. Additionally, issues of safety and security of these weapons, the nuclear weapo ns facilities and delivery systems continue to dog Russia. Still the very presence of these numbers of weapons on Russian soil sends a signal across the world.While international terrorism and non-proliferation are viewed as being important threats to Russia’s national security, the military in the Russian Federation still views US military capability as a threat and plans for it. This indicates a continuing vulnerability within the Russian establishment about its own capabilities. And that is why nuclear weapons are still on top the security agenda. In the second nuclear age, new uncertainties are emerging which will challenge the ingenuity of the Russian state as it attempts to handle the nuclear genie in all its manifestations.;

Racism in football Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Racism in football - Essay Example Racism in football has hinderer fair play, mutual respect, fraternity and peace needed for sports activities. Racism in football has caused public incitement to violent acts, hatred, enmity, public insults, dissemination of racist ideas, and symbols. Racism has caused serious violation of human dignity. Racism in the football matches has always found justices at the altar of emotional expression. Racism has made dirty the standards of football game. Let us look at some of the symbols of racism in football. Racism in football has its roots from the society. Racism in the football has manifested itself through public insults and violence that involves physical confrontation. Another very notable level of racial discrimination in the football game is the failure to acknowledge certain football players and other participants in the game, however much high in the game's ladder they climb. For instance, Arthur Wharton, a top professional for English club Preston North End in 1886, though bearing the title of the first Black Football player in an organized football, died poor and no trace of his activities records until recently when an acknowledgement of his activities came in form of a bibliography (Vasili 1997, p. 15). This was a vivid manifestation of racism in football. Football racism rampantly been manifested among the fans during a football match. This comes in form of flags. These are colourful and harmless club flags, but bear a very strong racial discriminatory message. This problem is common among fans supporting Italian, England, German, Holland and Norway football clubs. Other fans through objects at players they consider unworthy playing while the footballer is in the field. Some throw bananas and chant animal noises at black players. This aims at insulting the players that they belong to the bush and they are not different from the monkeys in the bush. Racism builds on skin colour as a physical indictor of ethnic origin. For instance, cases of trafficking young African footballers by the European football clubs is part of this colour based football racism. Racism in the football marches exists at two levels; overt racism and covert or institutionalized racism. Overt racism manifests through unfair treatment directed to migrants and ethnic minority groups with a weak position in a large society. Overt racism manifests in form of abuse to players from a certain race and display of anti-Semitic banners or chants characterized with stereotypic messages related to that particular race. Covert racism manifests in form of choice of players, referees and administrators in most European football clubs. For instance, there are very few members of the minority groups participating at the administration level of football clubs in Australia. Racial prejudice in football has social and psychological perspectives as it manifests itself from the fans' point of view. Racial discrimination in football games has been associated with fans' quest to settle old feuds, personal arguments and land disputes (Rationis 2009). Football hooliganism is associated with television casting of football marches. Football hooliganism relates with 'reclaiming of the football games by the working class.' Proletarianisation of the football game has had a great impact on the violent behaviour of the youth in the

Economics of small and medium enterprises Essay

Economics of small and medium enterprises - Essay Example This essay offers a comprehensive review of the current economic policy of the UK government towards small and medium-sized enterprises. The efficiency of such policy is also analysed. The smaller firms are less fortunate to obtain significant financial aid to combat their insolvency problems. The successive governments in UK have been witnessing comprehensive policy initiatives for uplifting the small enterprises. The very existence of SMEs is vital for the overall economic growth of the developing nation of UK. For preserving the economic opulence of the country, the existing small enterprises must be rescued from all hindrances of sustainability. The threat to these business units resulting into critical problems such as severe unemployment and decline in the economic growth has made the Government to identify the urgency to rescue such SMEs from collapsing. Various action plans and schemes have been taken up by the government for protecting these enterprises. However, the government itself, along with others, admits that a lot of work is yet to be done for achieving the success of reviving small enterprises. There lies a wide gap between preparation of plans and measures, and putting them into appropriate actions thereby ensuring viable results. Impeccable efforts are still missing in order to bridge up this gap. In spite of the endeavours for complete eradication of the barriers faced by the struggling small business firms, a viable implementation of actions for the revitalisation of the SMEs is still lagging far behind.

The U.K Identity Cards Bill and its implcations Essay

The U.K Identity Cards Bill and its implcations - Essay Example While the Bill and the stated objectives seem reasonable, and a large majority of the general public believe it to be good idea, there remains confusion and apprehension on the potential implications of the Bill to their privacy and civil liberties, not to mention the cost and policy implications.3 Unlike other means of individual identification, the proposed use of biometric technologies utilising biological information, and the introduction of a computerised National Identity Register, which permits users to track anybody, anytime, anywhere, in the modern networked society, apparently present far-reaching implications on the privacy and security of the individual, as well as the society. A research is deemed necessary to understand the implications of the Bill including that of the technology involved, in terms of the privacy and security concerns, as well as to look at alternative techniques or modes of identification, which may be considered by the government for successful imple mentation of the identity project. Researchers observe that biometric techniques, such as fingerprint verification, retina analysis, iris or face recognition, voice recognition, hand-written signature verification, are increasingly used in individual authentication and identification systems.4 While researchers are generally in agreement on the efficacy of the technology, experts in information technology and data security caution the possibility of errors including false matches and multiple identities, and the dangers of manipulations and misuse.5 Many researchers, both in the U.K and elsewhere, have studied the impact of biometric technologies on individual privacy and security.6 Researchers like Zorkadis and Donos observe that, "too wide utilisation of biometrics creates general concern for the protection of the fundamental rights and freedoms of individuals."7 According to them any human physiological or behavioural traits used in biometric technologies are personal data protected by privacy protection legislation. The U.K. Identity Cards Bill and the use of biometrics have received widespread criticism by policy analysts and academic researchers.8 The report by Joint Committee on Human Rights (JCHR) raises "a number of concerns relating to the human rights compatibility of the Bill"9. According to academics from the London School of Economics and Political Science the identity card bill proposals are "too complex, technically unsafe, overly prescriptive and lack a foundation of public trust and confidence."10 While the researchers support the concept of a national identity system for the UK, it considers the present legislation and the scheme "as a potential danger to the public interest and to the legal rights of individuals."11 Other policy analysts also condemn the Bill as an unwarranted state intervention in individual freedom and privacy-Dolan Cummings states that the ID card proposals are in effect trying to "reconstitute the public as membership organisation" 12 creating a society in which the members have to constantly prove their identity to

The Gendering of International Conflict

The Gendering of International Conflict The Gendering of International Conflict International conflict, and the military culture and machine that drives it, emanates from the patriarchal power structure of our society. While many consider this to be an unchallengeable or inevitable component of human culture, recent application of feminist discourse to international conflicts reveals not only the inevitable links between military response to conflict and hegemonic masculinity, but also suggests alternative constructs for both dealing with conflict and preventing military intervention and war. Tickner (1999) and others present the dangers of the traditional stereotypical view of men as warriors and aggressive and women as peacemakers and passive. Masculinity is often defined as what is not feminine, and femininity as what is not masculine, although understanding the dynamics of one requires considering both the workings of the other and the relationship and overlap between the two (Cohn and Enloe 2003). Militarism gets defined as masculine, based on domination and violence, and peacemaking gets defined as feminine, based on compassion and passitivity (Rabrenovic and Roskos 2001, 47). This causes forms of addressing conflict in any way other than a military or masculine response to be seen as feminine or a threat to manhood (Moylan 2003). For example, Cohn and Enloe (2003) consider why military response seemed by so many to be the only possible response to the September 11 attacks in the United States. The seemingly self-evident (to a lot of people) need to strike back is partly based on the assumption that it will work' (Cohn and Enloe 2003, 1203). There exists an old but dangerous assumption by many in power that violence will simply be more effective than a negotiated political solution or a response based on the enforcement of national or international law or on economic actions (Cohn and Enloe 2003, 1204). Cohn (2003) comments that she believes responding to violence with violence is an outflow of the interwoven ideas of national security and appropriate masculinity that dominate our political and cultural thought. Riddick agrees that the effectiveness of violent response is consistently overrated, with the costs of military response consistently underestimated (Cohn and Riddick 2002). The hegemonic man, favourin g action over relationship, responds to the threat of violence or conflict with a response that reinforces the idea of the male role as protector and emphasises physical strength. This masculinisation of military action, though strongly dominant both historically and cross-culturally, not only prevents the consideration of alternate and possibly more effective responses to conflict, but also damages the psyche of those it indoctrinates. The idea that the military will make you a man reinforces the concept that only one version of manhood is socially acceptable. The concept of hegemonic masculinity was originally introduced by R.W. Connell. He argues that at any given historical moment, there are many different masculinities, not only one but the hegemonic one (or ones) is the most valued one, the ideal (Cohn and Weber 1999, 461). This construct juxtaposes the ideal man not only against anything perceived as feminine, but also against other masculinities (Cohn and Weber 1999). It gives men who are able to conform to the single or few definitions of appropriate manhood the power to dominate both women and men outside this definition in their society. Over time, it is the men who succeed within such systems that consolidate their power, at the expense of other members of society; unfortunately the men do so at the expense of limiting their future response options to those that fit the hegemonic male construct to which they have succumbed. Men in positions of world leadership, typically products of this conformist environment, are then unable to consider national responses to international conflict outside their conditioned, action-focused response. Cohn and Enloe (1999), critiquing the film Saving Private Ryan, examine this military and cultural on the soldier, and all acceptable men in society, as real men. The underlying messages of the movie, they feel, are the perceived need for men to separate themselves from everything feminine. Masculine and feminine are two distinct constructs, without shared components (Tickner 1999). When feminine sentiments or responses are allowed in a conflict situation, the result is death. This squelching or compartmentalisation of â€Å"feminine† responses, emotions, and reactions from a position other than aggressive action threaten the very lives of not only the man who has â€Å"failed† at being a real man, but also the lives of all those around him. For example, in the movie a young, rather effeminate American compassionately allows a German soldier to go free rather than killing him in cold blood. The German later returns to kill soldiers in the Americans company. The message is that men have to make sacrifices for the good of the nation, and women and feminine sentiment are the polluting elements that prevent that from happening (Cohn and Weber 1999, 466). This skews the view of war and conflict to being a wholly male construct, with little consideration to the wants, needs, and viewpoints of women in conflictual situations. Service to the country, honour in battle, loyalty to one’s fellow soldiers, and the ability to face terrifying and potentially deadly situations with courage and fearlessness are the signs of both a successful soldier and a successful man (Cohn and Weber 1999). The view of war as destructive, both to the countries that wage it, the soldiers who fight in it, and the civilians who suffer through it, becomes a secondary image of military action. The desire to find a way of resolving the issues at hand through negotiation, dialogue, and understanding is devalued and rejected (Ruddick 1989). Women remain those less likely to cause war and violence, most likely to suffer from it in their own homes and communities, and the least valued in terms of the development of effective systems for conflict resolution. Rabrenovic and Roskos (2001) also point out that while war offers some men both new career opportunities and increased power, women typically are not afforded such benefits, but rather face â€Å"the disruption of services, the shortage of necessary resources, the loss of men’s contribution to the household, as well as the every-present worry for safety of their children† (Rabrenovic and Roskos 2001, 48). Therefore resolution of the conflict may jeopardise economic and political standing for some men, particularly those in charge of military operations. Women, on the other hand, are more likely to benefit from and therefore pursue peaceful resolutions of conflict involving cooperation and compromise (Rabrenovic and Roskos 2001). Male leaders in a military conflict typically strive to end it through â€Å"winning,† or achieving a cease-fire agreement which results in increase in their own power and the power of their nation (Rabrenovic and Roskos 2001). They are l ess likely to focus on a means of resolution that most easily accommodates rebuilding the countries impacted by the war, or on establishing systems and practices that enable the use of non-violent alternatives to preventing future conflict (Rabrenovic and Roskos 2001). Feminist discourse contends that international conflict does not require an automatic move to military, violent, or force-based response (Rabrenovic and Roskos 2001). Reardon (1993) envisions true peace as deriving from â€Å"relationships amongst people and nations based on trust, cooperation, and recognition of the interdependence and importance of the common good and mutual interests of all peoples† (4-5). It is not sufficient to simply include women in political and power systems designed by and for men, which therefore use a highly masculinised response mechanism for addressing world issues (Scott 1988, Moylan 2003). Rather, women must be both brought into the decision-making and system developing processes and empowered to include alternative perspectives and means of addressing, conflict, war, and peace. Many women’s organisations have attempted to suggest alternate resolution and conflict prevention strategies from their traditional positions as mothers (Ruddick 1989). This shifts motherhood from a private to a public activity, allowing women and women’s organisations to engage in political and peace strategy discourse and challenge typical and assumed conflict resolution activities. The recent UN resolution 1325 â€Å"makes gender a routinely considered component in the full range of work undertaken by the Security Council† (Cohn, Kinsella and Gibbings 2004, 131). However, there is a significant difference between the simple inclusion of women and gender considerations in international policy and process, and the significant shift in systems called for by the full inclusion of feminist theory in the realm of international conflict. Rabrenovic and Roskos (2001) contend that women â€Å"must persist in gaining greater visibility for women’s peace-work and feminist insights on peacemaking and noting that in the context of unravelling the dynamics of war-making, women have not made sufficient progress† (42). Strong and widespread resistance remains the common response in most countries to any questioning of the use of force as a legitimate response to conflict or manifestation of power (Rabrenovic and Roskos 2001). An additional consideration is the different manifestations of feminism and feminist thought in different cultures. There are a number of worthy feminist thinkers outside the privileged Western realm that is published or given voice in media outlets (Sylvester 1999). Elshtain (2001) examines the different practises and goals of women’s groups in a number of countries, many of which are not in line with the brand of feminism promoted in the West. In Prague, for example, feminists contended â€Å"we want to emphasise concrete problems, not ideologies† (Elshtain 2001, 546). After years of forced involvement in the workforce and requirements to place their children in poorly run state-sponsored day cares, women in Czechoslovakia valued the choice they now have to work or stay home, and considered this at odds to discourse they had encountered from Europe and the United States (Elshtain 2001). Feminists in Palestine were perplexed by the West’s emphasis on freedom, bu t perceived unwillingness to promote the freedom of the Palestinian people. Women there also were confused by comments of several American feminist theorists who viewed head scarves as a form of oppression, which the Palestinian women who wear them do not (Elshtain 2001). It is important, therefore, to concentrate on vital and universal feminist values, viewpoints and aims rather than be distracted by issues not considered important to women in the cultures where the issues exist. Women worldwide should be aware of their options, but encouraged to live from the cultural construct they personally value, and impact their society from this construct. At the same time, Moylan (2003) noted that when men become uncomfortable in viewing power structures and response mechanisms, often feeling a threat to their manhood, â€Å"many women will work to end the men’s discomfort by agreeing with them rather than by expecting them to explore the reasons why they are uncomfortable (571). This leads to a perpetualisation of the very power structures and response mechanisms that need to be challenged. Cohn and Enloe (2003) ask what it takes to â€Å"genuinely demilitarise a society† (1189). First, cultures must allow for separation of hegemonic masculinity, manhood, and the use of force. This is beginning to happen in some areas of the world, where alternate life choices are increasingly tolerated and even valued. â€Å"Gender analysis and gender disaggregated data must be used to bring women’s experiences to the forefront of the conversation and eventually to recast the very meanings of the topics under negotiation, in this case to challenge the very meaning of war and peace† (Scott 1988, 3). This will cause distress to many in the patriarchal power structure that dominates our world organisations. However, with perseverance, the reward of a world where military action and war are not the typical response to international conflict, where men are empowered to express various versions of masculinity, rather than being forced into a hegemonic construct, and wher e women are both participants in the actions and the creation of international policy and practises is well worth the effort. REFERENCES Cohn, C., Enloe, C. 2003. A conversation with Cynthia Enloe: Feminists Look at Masculinity and the Men Who Wage War. Journal of Women in Culture and Society, vol. 28, no. 4, pp. 1187-1207. Cohn, C., Kinsella, H., Gibbings, S. 2004. Women, Peace and Security. International Feminist Journal of Politics, vol. 6, no. 1, March 2004, pp. 130-140. Cohn, C., Weber, C. 1999. Missions, Men and Masculinities. International Feminist Journal of Politics, vol. ?, no. ?, ? 1999, pp. 460-475. Elshtain, J.B. 2001. Exporting Feminism. Journal of International Affairs, Winter 1995, vol. 48, no. 2, pp. 541-558. Moylan, P. 2003. Teaching Peace: The Challenge of Gendered Assumptions. Peace and Change, vol. 28, no. 4, October 2003, pp. 570-574. Rabrenovic, G., Roskos, L. 2001. Introduction: Civil Society, Feminism, and the Gendered Politics of War and Peace. NWSA Journal, vol. 13, no. 2, Summer, pp. 40-54. Reardon, B. 1993. Women and Peace: Feminist Visions of Global Security. State University of New York Press, Albany. Ruddick, S. 1989. Maternal Thinking: Toward a Politics of Peace. Beacon Press, Boston. Scott, J.W. 1988. Gender and the Politics of History. Columbia University Press, New York. Sylvester, C. 1999. Bringing Philosophy to Feminism and Peace. Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology, vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 377-379. Tickner, A.J. 1999. Why Women Can’t Run the World: International Politics According to Francis Fukuyama. International Studies Review, vol. 1, no. 3, pp. 3–11.

Hellish nature of life :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Life is all based around heaven or hell, which is also what is good and bad. But why do we think there is a Heaven or Hell? Because one person came down and proclaimed to be a person with healing powers. There are thousands of people nowadays. If Jesus were here today we would think he was a twisted old poor man just like the rest of them. But people want something to believe in, something better after this life has ended. That’s why people were so easily trusting in Jesus. People followed him and he did miracles that further brought them in. Soon it was close to a cult just like today. People are very trusting and will do anything for a better afterlife. Then there is the Hell situation. If there is going to be wonderful afterlife for all who do good well there better be one for all who do bad. That is the incentive they try to put on you to do good. So now you have two choices. To do good and go to heaven or be so called bad and rot in hell for eternity, which one would you do and you were brought up from a child to believe in god and do the good that Jesus has taught us? For as long as the thought of hell has been around people have speculated how hell really is. I don’t think hell is like the book described it. I think the souls that were rejected from heaven are sent to a place to pay for their judgments in life. But truthfully I do not know or even want to speculate what hell is like. No one does and I hope I’m not one of them to find out. Mr. Van Hoose I do believe in God and heaven and hell, but I do think some people get to worked up.

Pakistan and India over Kashmir Essay

Conflicts between Pakistan and India over Kashmir as well as China over Tibet have been around for decades. Although these conflicts are religion based, this is no longer the case since they currently fight over land control (Stokes, 2010). Whereas India and Pakistan is ever fighting to be in control of Kashmir, this case is the same when it comes to China’s conflict for Tibet. Although Tibet is part of China, it considers itself a nation since it has always been bound by religion, culture as well as linguistics and genetic ties (Stokes, 2010). The study aims to address the religion conflicts existing between China over Tibet as well as India and Pakistan over Kashmir. Pakistan and India over Kashmir According to Hajni (2008), Pakistan was founded after the end of the British rule when the Indian Muslims developed the desire to own an Islamic state. Indian Muslims were the Minority religion and this made them feel insecure. Since they were the minority religion, the Indian Muslims were afraid of losing political representation in addition to maintaining their freedom as well as cultural norms. According to Hajni (2008), regarding the criteria for deciding which of the two dominions a state should join; he quotes Lord Mountbatten who said, â€Å"†¦geographic situation and communal interests and so forth will be factors to be considered†¦Ã¢â‚¬  At the time of partitioning, Jammu and Kashmir was predominantly Muslim. However, Hindu Maharaja Hari Singh who supported the annexation of Kashmir by India ruled the state. According to James and Ozdamar (2005), when the British divided the two states, Kashmir was given the option of joining either one. However, through Maharajah Singh, the current leader of that time, Kashmir opted to become independent. Pakistan and India were not happy with this decision since they started forcing Kashmir to join them. It is due to these debates that later resulted to the outbreak of conflicts between India and Pakistan over Kashmir. Pakistani Muslims initiated insurgent type operations to undermine an annexation by India, which further compelled the Hindu leader to align with India to secure military support to counter the Muslims. According to Hajni (2008), India started by laying claim on Kashmir due to the instrument of accession that was signed by Maharaja in 1947. It is because of this move that prompted Pakistan to follow suit. Just like India, Pakistan also laid claimed to own Kashmir since most of its population were Muslims. This gradually escalated into disputes over Jammu and Kashmir, which is still rife to date. The disputes were quite severe since they escalated into wars in a move to acquire the disputed state. Although religion was the main source of conflict between the three nations, it was primarily triggered by the urge for territorial control. China over Tibet Apart from India and Pakistan, another famous religion conflict is that of China and Tibet. Tibet has been practicing Buddhism for decades to the extent that it currently defines the Tibetan’s way of life (Sperling, 2004). It was because of these cultures that the Tibetans declined to submit themselves to the Chinese rule. China has always strived to control Tibet but the Tibetans have always opposed this attempt. Since 1951, the republic of China through the People’s Liberation Army (PLA) has tried to acquire Tibet by attempting to destroy their national as well as cultural identities (Macalester College, 2007). For instance, the nation tried to acquire Tibet by attempting to lure Tibet’s religious elite into voluntarily agreeing to embrace socialism. According to the Tibetans, this has always been referred to as cultural genocide (Stokes, 2010). Although China had assured Tibet that their Buddhism religion and culture would not be affected by the inauguration, Tibet was not confortable fusing with the Chinese Buddhist Association (CBA). According to the Tibetans, fusing with the CBA posed a threat for the Tibetan’s religion as well as culture. According to Sperling (2004), China is ever attempting to forcefully acquire Tibet. The reason why China is ever wishing to acquire Tibet is that it believes Tibet is located within China’s territory. Since almost all Tibetans practice Buddhism while the Han Chinese does not, the republic of China is ever attempting to ruin this religious culture in a move to ease the acquisition process. However, Tibetans always fight back in order to prevent China from ruining their culture and religion. Through Dalai Lama, Tibet was stable to the extent that even after numerous conflicts, China has never succeeded in acquiring it. It was through Dalai Lama that Tibet was able to fuse religion with politics. By intertwining Politics and religion, Tibet was able to create a solid foundation that made it difficult for the republic of china to acquire (Sperling, 2004). This technique was quite beneficial to the Tibetans since it motivated them into pursuing independence and self-autonomy. To date, the conflict between Tibet and China still exists despite numerous diplomatic interventions. Although Dalai Lama was quite influential in Tibet, he fled to India when he currently resides. Analysis In order to form the foundation of their adherent’s lives, both the Hindu and Buddhist religions ensured that they encouraged one another to fully embrace their religion. For instance, through this motivation, all Tibetans embraced Buddhism. Whereas the conflict between India and Pakistan resulted from the inability of the two nations to align Hindus with India and Muslims with Pakistan, the case was almost similar to that of China and Tibet. The conflict between china and Tibet began because China did not want Tibetans to practice their cultures and religions in a territory they claim was theirs. Additionally, the conflict was also triggered by the fact that Dalai Lama had planned to make Tibet an independent nation (Macalester College, 2007). Conclusion For a long time, India and Pakistan have been engrossed in conflicts. Although these conflicts started on grounds of religion differences, they rapidly escalated to territorial conflicts whereby both nations began fighting over Kashmir, a region located between India and Pakistan. Apart from India and Pakistan, China and Tibet have also been engrossed in conflicts, which have lasted for decades. Just like that of India and Pakistan, this conflict also revolved around religion but gradually grew into territorial conflict. China was not comfortable with Tibet’s Buddhism religion, hence, attempted all measures to disrupt it but Tibet was not ready to allow this to happen. Dalai Lama, a prominent leader in Tibet, was planning to declare Tibet an Independent nation. This idea was never taken lightly by China and it is because of this that the conflict intensified, thus, Dalai Lama was forced to run to seek refuge in India where he resides to date. References Hajni, M. (2008). The Kashmir Conflict: A Kashmiri Perspective. Retrieved on 12 October 2014 from www.operationspaix.net/DATA/DOCUMENT/5413~v~The_Kashmir_Conflict___A_Kashmiri_Perspective.pdf James, C. & Ozdamar, O. (2005). Religion as a Factor in Ethnic Conflict: Kashmir and Indian Foreign Policy. Terrorism and Political Violence, 17:447-467. Retrieved on 12 November 2014 from http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=2&ved=0CCcQFjAB&url=http%3A%2F%2Fozgur.bilkent.edu.tr%2Fdownload%2F05Religion%2520as%2520a%2520Factor%2520in%2520Ethnic%2520Conflict%2520Kashmir.pdf&ei=7u1jVNrQFIbWasKGgcgK&usg=AFQjCNFvomYpl_QzYphrOggL6s3Ms5ZCZg&sig2=ZM9lKPLKG5LZde_OAlB7vA&bvm=bv.79189006,d.d2s Macalester College. (2007). History of Tibet-China Conflict. Retrieved on 12 November 2014 from https://sites.google.com/a/macalester.edu/refugees/tibetan/history-of-tibet-china-conflict Sperling, E. (2004). The Tibet-China Conflict: History and Polemics. Retrieved on 12 November 2014 from www.eastwestcenter.org/sites/default/files/private/PS007.pdf Stokes, D. (2010). Conflict over Tibet: Core Causes and Possible Solutions. Retrieved on 12 November 2014 from http://www.beyondintractability.org/casestudy/stokes-tibet Source document

Driving forces of Aerospace and Defense industry Essay

Regulatory influences and government policy changes. The aerospace & defense industry remains a profitable yet challenging business. Global cuts in government spending, especially in the United States, will put significant financial pressure on companies, forcing them to realign their strategies and diversify their business models. The ongoing decrease of military operations in Iraq and Afghanistan coupled with reduced military budgets globally continue to affect revenues throughout the defense sector. The biggest challenge for defense contractors is growing profitably in a decreasing market. Increasing globalization and emerging new markets. According to a 2012 report from Chicago-based Boeing Co., commercial aviation is experiencing a virtually unprecedented and prolonged up cycle, as demonstrated by recent increases in production by Boeing as well as French aircraft manufacturer Airbus SAS and Brazil’s Embraer SA. Three dominant forces are driving this up cycle: increased passenger travel, most notably in Asia; an increase in budget airlines; and the demand for more fuel-efficient aircraft. The combination of the three factors has created a perfect storm for commercial aviation, transforming it into the driving force behind the aerospace industry, with between 27,350 and 34,000 commercial aircraft expected to be produced over the next 20 years (â€Å"Current Market Outlook†, 2012). Technological change and process innovation. The commercial aerospace segment remains profitable, with a strong demand for fuel-efficient next generation products. With fuel prices continuing to rise, the cost of fuel remains a significant financial concern to airlines. The use of fuel-efficient jet engines on commercial aircraft is the first step in reducing fuel costs for many airlines, a less-expensive alternative to replacing entire fleets. Airlines are choosing to update their current aircraft with newer fuel-efficient engines; although longer-term it seems likely that older planes will be replaced by newer aircraft that feature both fuel-efficient engines and airframes. Cooperation with both customers and suppliers remains a key driver of innovation. Product stewardship, life cycle management and operational eco-efficiency have become key requirements for both commercial and military applications. The call for alternative fuels and propulsion technologies is increasingly becoming a question of not only operating costs, but one of national security and public policy. Current Market Outlook 2013-2032. (2012). Retrieved from http://www.boeing.com/boeing/commercial/cmo/

advances in glazing materials essays

advances in glazing materials essays Current Options In Widows Energy Efficiency 5 Understanding How Energy Moves Through Windows 5 Tomorrows Options for More Efficient Windows 8 1. How energy flows through windows: Radiation 6 2. How energy flows through windows: Convection ..............................................6 3. How energy flows through windows: Conduction..............................................7 4. Three Routes to Switchable Windows. 10 Until recently, clear glass was the primary glazing material used in windows. Although glass is durable and allows a high percentage of sunlight to enter buildings, it has very little resistance to heat flow. During the past two decades, though, glazing technology has Research and development into types of glazing have created a new generation of materials that offer improved window efficiency and performance for consumers. While this new generation of glazing materials quickly gains acceptance in the marketplace, the research and development of even more efficient technologies continues. Gas Fill A heavier-than-air gas such as argon or krypton is used to fill the space between panes to slow heat transfer. Glazing The glass and/or plastic in a window unit that provides visibility yet blocks air leakage and some of the heat flow. Infrared Radiation Invisible radiation that humans perceived as heat. Low-e Coating Low-emissivity (low-e) coatings on glass surfaces reflect heat energy, but transmit visible light. Pyrolytic (Hard Coat) Low-e Durable metal oxides that are fused into the surface of window glass. Sputtered (Soft Coat) Low-e A coating on the inside pane of window glass in a sealed unit. It is made of reflective metal deposited in a vacuum. R-Value A measure of a windows resistance to heat flow. Total Solar Transmittance The total amount of all light spectra that is admitted by t...

Natural Resources and energy paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Natural Resources and energy paper - Essay Example However, although there are benefits of extracting water for use as energy, there are certain risks and challenges as well that are associated with the extraction of this source of renewable energy (NRCan’s Role and Freshwater, 2010). Fresh water is one of the prime necessities for all living beings and in particular for human beings. Human beings living in the cities, or for the purposes of farming and agriculture, and in the industries, require freshwater which is the main cause for extraction of freshwater from the aquatic ecosystems. Freshwater systems provide control of floods, transportation facilities, recreation, as well as waste purification (Baron et al, 2003, pp.1-15). Extraction of freshwater includes benefits for the landscapes on earth. Freshwater aquatic ecosystems are comprised of such organisms that form the food web for other living beings. These organisms available in the freshwater are both ecologically and economically important as they are diverse in form and nature. Benthic communities refer to the lives available at the bottom of the freshwater systems constituting organisms like algae, bacteria, fungi, and other invertebrates that are capable of transforming substance and energy into livi ng forms, thus proving to be sources of food and energy of living beings on earth (Benefits of Freshwater Systems, 2013). However there are certain risks associated with such extraction of freshwater from the aquatic ecosystems as well. The benefits for the society has led to overlooking the benefits that freshwater has for the aquatic ecosystems and the living organisms present in there. With more and more extraction of this source of life and energy the quantity of freshwater required for the aquatic systems as well as for human beings is becoming limited. There is a huge demand for freshwater while the

Ben&Jerry's VS. Haagen Daz Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Ben&Jerry's VS. Haagen Daz - Term Paper Example On the basis of the entire analysis, this paper will provide some recommendation to Ben’s and Jerry’s regarding its marketing strategies. Review of Ben’s and Jerry’s- a competitive analysis Ice cream of Ben and Jerry has started their journey in a well to do manner. Actually there were two people named Ben Cohen and Jerry Greenfield who wished to make bagels, but they found their decision to be very expensive in order to fulfill it and so they opted to make ice creams instead of bagels. (Ben and Jerry’s p. 1) Ben Cohen and Jerry Greenfield have used special characters in order to promote their brand and also which are simple to pronounce, recognize and also can be remembered for long time. Their brand logo had cow and green environment behind which depicts awareness of quality and benefits. Ben and Jerry have always tried to acknowledge their customers that they always use natural and fresh milk while keeping the environment completely clean and gre en at the time of producing ice creams. In order to prove and promote their mission, Ben and Jerry have used special slogan like â€Å"From cow to Cone†, â€Å"Lick Global Warming†, †Organic Ben & Jerry’s†, and â€Å"50 Ways to Promote Peace†. (Ben and Jerry’s p. ... Thus, it will be more interesting for them to see â€Å"Organics, low sugar, or low fat Ice Cream†. (MarketingWeek p.1) In order to promote and develop their brand, Ben and Jerry is using the brand extension policy. They have produced thousand of ice cream flavors under the name of one successful brand, which of course is â€Å"Ben & Jerry’s†. They have extended its brand to organic ice cream, original ice cream, scoops menu, bars original ice cream, single original ice cream, and single novelties with different choice of taste in each product. (MarketingWeek p. 1; Ben and Jerry’s p. 1) But the journey of Ben and Jerry was not so smooth as their ice cream blends. They had a hard and fierce competition with a brand named Haagen-Dazs. These two brands have dominated the global premium ice cream market and one would be shocked to observe that the two companies could be so similar yet so different in various angles. Haagen-Dazs does claim to use the best ingre dients, from all over the world.    They also claim to use pure ingredients.    Haagen-Dazs started out in the 1920’s and in 1983, Haagen-Dazs was bought by  Pillsbury.    Haagen-Dazs was the first to market ice cream bars for a more adult crowd. Haagen-Dazs were the pioneers in the market for creating distinctive and indulgent taste experiences by marketing to an untapped segment - the adult ice cream lovers. The Haagen-Dazs brand quickly developed a loyal following. Its early success was created by word of mouth and praise. They do not, however, have the fun and creative names, which means Vanilla Swiss Almond is not something that is going to catch your eye and make you remember it. But some of their flavors are